# TTS Replacement Research Notes

## Executive Summary

This document summarizes research on replacing the existing TTS endpoint in makima with Qwen3-TTS-12Hz-0.6B-Base, with the goal of supporting voice cloning using Makima's Japanese voice speaking English, and achieving near-live/streaming TTS capabilities.

---

## 1. Current TTS Implementation Analysis

### 1.1 Current Model: Chatterbox-Turbo

The existing TTS implementation in `makima/src/tts.rs` uses **ResembleAI/chatterbox-turbo-ONNX**:

- **Architecture**: 4-component ONNX model pipeline
  - `speech_encoder.onnx` - Encodes reference voice audio
  - `embed_tokens.onnx` - Token embedding layer
  - `language_model.onnx` - Autoregressive language model (24 layers, 16 KV heads, 64 head dim)
  - `conditional_decoder.onnx` - Decodes speech tokens to audio waveform

- **Sample Rate**: 24,000 Hz output
- **Voice Cloning**: Required (no default voice support)
- **Special Tokens**:
  - START_SPEECH_TOKEN: 6561
  - STOP_SPEECH_TOKEN: 6562
  - SILENCE_TOKEN: 4299

### 1.2 Current API Surface

**Core TTS Functions:**
```rust
pub fn generate_tts(&mut self, _text: &str) -> Result<Vec<f32>, TtsError>
    // Returns VoiceRequired error - voice cloning is mandatory

pub fn generate_tts_with_voice(&mut self, text: &str, sample_audio_path: &Path) -> Result<Vec<f32>, TtsError>
    // Voice cloning from file path

pub fn generate_tts_with_samples(&mut self, text: &str, samples: &[f32], sample_rate: u32) -> Result<Vec<f32>, TtsError>
    // Voice cloning from raw samples
```

**Audio Processing:**
- Input audio resampled to 24kHz
- Reference voice encoded into:
  - `audio_features` - Acoustic features
  - `prompt_tokens` - Token representation
  - `speaker_embeddings` - Speaker identity
  - `speaker_features` - Voice characteristics

### 1.3 Current Limitations

1. **No Streaming Support**: Current implementation generates complete audio before returning
2. **No Default Voice**: Requires voice reference audio for every call
3. **No HTTP Endpoint**: TTS is only available as a Rust library, not exposed via REST API
4. **Single Language**: Optimized for English, unclear multilingual support
5. **High Latency**: Full autoregressive generation before any audio output

### 1.4 Related Components

**Audio Processing (`makima/src/audio.rs`):**
- Uses Symphonia for audio decoding (MP3, WAV, FLAC, OGG, etc.)
- Resampling via sinc interpolation
- Stereo to mono mixdown
- Target: 16kHz mono for STT

**Listen Endpoint (`makima/src/server/handlers/listen.rs`):**
- WebSocket-based streaming STT
- Uses Parakeet for transcription
- Sortformer for speaker diarization
- Already has real-time audio streaming infrastructure

---

## 2. Qwen3-TTS-12Hz-0.6B-Base Model Analysis

### 2.1 Model Capabilities

| Feature | Specification |
|---------|---------------|
| **Model Size** | 0.6B parameters (lightweight variant) |
| **Voice Cloning** | 3-second reference audio only |
| **Streaming** | Dual-track hybrid architecture |
| **Minimum Latency** | 97ms end-to-end |
| **Languages** | 10 (Chinese, English, Japanese, Korean, German, French, Russian, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian) |
| **Cross-lingual Cloning** | Japanese voice to English speech supported |
| **Speaker Similarity** | 0.95 (near human-level) |
| **Output Sample Rate** | Up to 48kHz (standard 24kHz) |

### 2.2 Voice Cloning Requirements

**Reference Audio:**
- **Minimum Duration**: 3 seconds
- **Recommended Duration**: 5-15 seconds
- **Format**: WAV preferred; also supports URL, base64, numpy array
- **Quality**: Clean, noise-free audio essential
- **Transcript**: Providing `ref_text` significantly improves quality

**Cross-Lingual Usage (Japanese to English):**
```python
ref_audio = "makima_japanese.wav"  # Japanese reference
ref_text = "日本語のテキスト"      # Japanese transcription

wavs, sr = model.generate_voice_clone(
    text="This is English text",   # English output
    language="English",
    ref_audio=ref_audio,
    ref_text=ref_text,
)
```

### 2.3 Technical Requirements

**Python Dependencies:**
```bash
pip install -U qwen-tts
pip install -U flash-attn --no-build-isolation  # For optimal performance
```

**Hardware:**
- CUDA-compatible GPU required
- FlashAttention 2 for optimal memory usage
- Float16/bfloat16 precision support
- For <96GB RAM: `MAX_JOBS=4` for flash-attn installation

**Model Loading:**
```python
from qwen_tts import Qwen3TTSModel
import torch

model = Qwen3TTSModel.from_pretrained(
    "Qwen/Qwen3-TTS-12Hz-0.6B-Base",
    device_map="cuda:0",
    dtype=torch.bfloat16,
    attn_implementation="flash_attention_2",
)
```

### 2.4 Streaming Architecture

**Dual-Track Hybrid Design:**
- Single model supports both streaming and non-streaming
- Audio output begins after minimal text input
- 97ms minimum latency achieved through:
  - Proprietary Qwen3-TTS-Tokenizer-12Hz (efficient acoustic compression)
  - Discrete multi-codebook LM (eliminates LM+DiT bottleneck)
  - Lightweight non-DiT vocoder

**Reusable Voice Clone Prompt (Critical for Performance):**
```python
# Pre-compute once
prompt_items = model.create_voice_clone_prompt(
    ref_audio=ref_audio,
    ref_text=ref_text,
    x_vector_only_mode=False
)

# Reuse for multiple generations
wavs, sr = model.generate_voice_clone(
    text=["Line 1", "Line 2"],
    language=["English", "English"],
    voice_clone_prompt=prompt_items,  # Cached prompt
)
```

---

## 3. Makima Voice Audio Sources

### 3.1 Character Information

- **Character**: Makima from Chainsaw Man anime
- **Japanese Voice Actress**: Tomori Kusunoki (楠木ともり)
- **English Voice Actress**: Suzie Yeung

### 3.2 Potential Audio Sources

| Source | Type | Notes |
|--------|------|-------|
| **Voicy Network Soundboard** | Official clips | MP3 download available, 20+ sound effects |
| **101Soundboards** | Fan-curated clips | Various character sounds |
| **Anime Episodes** | Source material | Highest quality, requires extraction |
| **Nikke: Goddess of Victory** | Game voicelines | Same voice actress (Tomori Kusunoki) |
| **Ko-fi (erusha)** | WAV files | x5 character impression audio files |

### 3.3 Recommended Approach

1. **Primary Source**: Extract 5-15 seconds of clean dialogue from Chainsaw Man anime (Japanese audio track)
2. **Selection Criteria**:
   - Clear, isolated dialogue (no background music/effects)
   - Natural speaking tone (not shouting/whispering)
   - Variety of phonemes for better cloning
3. **Transcription**: Provide accurate Japanese transcription for `ref_text`
4. **Processing**: Convert to WAV format, ensure clean audio quality

### 3.4 Legal Considerations

- Voice cloning of real voice actors for commercial use may have legal implications
- Synthetic voice generation based on copyrighted characters may require licenses
- Consider using for internal/personal use only, or creating disclaimer

---

## 4. Feasibility Assessment

### 4.1 Live/Streaming TTS Feasibility: HIGHLY FEASIBLE

**Evidence:**
- Qwen3-TTS achieves 97ms latency (well under 200ms real-time threshold)
- Existing WebSocket infrastructure in makima (`/api/v1/listen`) can be adapted
- Streaming architecture designed for interactive scenarios

**Implementation Approach:**
1. Create new WebSocket endpoint `/api/v1/speak` mirroring listen endpoint
2. Pre-compute voice clone prompt on connection start
3. Stream audio chunks as they're generated
4. Use chunked audio encoding (similar to listen's binary message handling)

### 4.2 Voice Cloning with Japanese Voice: FULLY SUPPORTED

**Evidence:**
- Qwen3-TTS explicitly supports cross-lingual voice cloning
- Japanese is one of 10 supported languages
- 0.95 speaker similarity maintained across languages

**Implementation Approach:**
1. Pre-process Makima voice clips (5-15 seconds Japanese audio)
2. Include Japanese transcription
3. Generate English speech while preserving voice characteristics

### 4.3 Integration Challenges

| Challenge | Difficulty | Mitigation |
|-----------|-----------|------------|
| **Python to Rust Integration** | Medium | Use Python subprocess or microservice |
| **GPU Memory** | Low | 0.6B model is lightweight |
| **Latency Target** | Low | 97ms base latency is excellent |
| **Audio Format Conversion** | Low | Existing symphonia infrastructure |
| **Default Voice Setup** | Low | One-time voice prompt caching |

### 4.4 Architecture Options

**Option A: Python Microservice**
```
[Makima Rust Server] --HTTP/WebSocket--> [Python TTS Service]
                                                |
                                         [Qwen3-TTS Model]
```
Pros: Clean separation, easy Python integration
Cons: Network overhead, deployment complexity

**Option B: PyO3 Rust Bindings**
```
[Makima Rust Server] --FFI--> [pyo3 Python Bindings] --> [Qwen3-TTS]
```
Pros: Single process, lower latency
Cons: Complex build, Python GIL issues

**Option C: ONNX Export (Like Current Chatterbox)**
```
[Makima Rust Server] --ort--> [Qwen3-TTS ONNX Models]
```
Pros: Pure Rust, consistent with existing architecture
Cons: May not have ONNX export available for Qwen3-TTS

**Recommended: Option A (Python Microservice)**
- Fastest time to implementation
- Aligns with Qwen3-TTS's native Python API
- Can use WebSocket for streaming audio chunks
- Easy to deploy alongside existing makima server

---

## 5. Preliminary Technical Approach

### 5.1 Phase 1: Python TTS Microservice

```python
# tts_service.py
from fastapi import FastAPI, WebSocket
from qwen_tts import Qwen3TTSModel
import torch
import base64

app = FastAPI()
model = None
voice_prompt = None

@app.on_event("startup")
async def load_model():
    global model, voice_prompt
    model = Qwen3TTSModel.from_pretrained(
        "Qwen/Qwen3-TTS-12Hz-0.6B-Base",
        device_map="cuda:0",
        dtype=torch.bfloat16,
    )
    # Pre-load Makima voice
    voice_prompt = model.create_voice_clone_prompt(
        ref_audio="makima_voice.wav",
        ref_text="日本語の台詞...",
    )

@app.websocket("/ws/speak")
async def speak(websocket: WebSocket):
    await websocket.accept()
    while True:
        text = await websocket.receive_text()
        wavs, sr = model.generate_voice_clone(
            text=text,
            language="English",
            voice_clone_prompt=voice_prompt,
        )
        # Stream audio chunks
        audio_bytes = wavs[0].tobytes()
        await websocket.send_bytes(audio_bytes)
```

### 5.2 Phase 2: Rust Integration

```rust
// makima/src/server/handlers/speak.rs
pub async fn websocket_handler(
    ws: WebSocketUpgrade,
    State(state): State<SharedState>,
) -> Response {
    ws.on_upgrade(|socket| handle_speak_socket(socket, state))
}

async fn handle_speak_socket(socket: WebSocket, state: SharedState) {
    // Connect to Python TTS service
    let tts_ws = tokio_tungstenite::connect_async("ws://localhost:8001/ws/speak").await?;

    // Forward text to TTS, stream audio back to client
    // ...
}
```

### 5.3 API Design

**WebSocket Endpoint: `/api/v1/speak`**

**Client to Server Messages:**
```json
{
    "type": "start",
    "sample_rate": 24000,
    "encoding": "pcm16"
}

{
    "type": "speak",
    "text": "Hello, I am Makima."
}

{
    "type": "stop"
}
```

**Server to Client Messages:**
```json
{
    "type": "ready",
    "session_id": "uuid"
}

{
    "type": "audio_chunk",
    "data": "<base64-encoded-audio>",
    "is_final": false
}

{
    "type": "complete"
}
```

---

## 6. Next Steps

### Immediate Actions
1. [ ] Obtain Makima voice clips (5-15 seconds clean Japanese audio)
2. [ ] Create Japanese transcription of voice clips
3. [ ] Test Qwen3-TTS voice cloning with Makima samples
4. [ ] Benchmark latency on target hardware

### Development Phases
1. **Phase 1**: Python TTS microservice proof-of-concept
2. **Phase 2**: WebSocket streaming integration
3. **Phase 3**: Rust proxy endpoint in makima
4. **Phase 4**: Listen page integration for bidirectional speech

### Hardware Requirements
- CUDA-compatible GPU (minimum)
- Recommended: 8GB+ VRAM for 0.6B model with FlashAttention 2
- Python 3.12+ environment

---

## References

- [Qwen3-TTS-12Hz-0.6B-Base on HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3-TTS-12Hz-0.6B-Base)
- [Qwen3-TTS GitHub Repository](https://github.com/QwenLM/Qwen3-TTS)
- [Behind The Voice Actors - Makima](https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tv-shows/Chainsaw-Man/Makima/)
- [Voicy Network Chainsaw Man Soundboard](https://www.voicy.network/official-soundboards/anime/chainsaw-man)